Biology by Bradford
Biology by Bradford · AP Biology · Unit 2 · CED 2.3–2.4

Membranes & Permeability

Two molecules thick, assembled by nothing but water's refusal to touch a hydrocarbon — and everything a cell knows about the outside world arrives through it.

AP · Unit 2CED 2.3–2.4Interactive lesson
Concept 01 · CED 2.3

Seven nanometres of everything

The membrane is two molecules thick and does half the work in the course: barrier, gateway, sensor, name badge and workbench, all in the same sheet.

The frame

Bilayer

Amphipathic phospholipids arrange themselves — heads to the water, tails away from it. No assembly required.

The workforce

Proteins

Integral proteins span the sheet; peripheral ones sit on a face. Transport, catalysis, reception, recognition.

The model

Fluid mosaic

Fluid because components drift; mosaic because the proteins are scattered rather than ordered.

PhospholipidTHE FRAMEIntegral proteinSPANS THE BILAYERPeripheral proteinSITS ON ONE FACECholesterolFLUIDITY BUFFERGlycoproteinCELL RECOGNITIONONE BILAYER · MANY PASSENGERS
Five components, five different jobs. Notice that only the phospholipid is structural — everything else is a passenger embedded in it, and every one of those passengers can be moved, replaced or regulated without rebuilding the membrane.
Diagram · interactive

The membrane in place

Tap each component. The pink dashed band is the part that does the excluding.

OUTSIDECYTOSOLHYDROPHOBICCORECHANNELCARRIERCHOLESTEROLGLYCOPROTEINPERIPHERALTAP A PART
Diagram

Two layers, many passengers

Tap the bilayer, the hydrophobic core, a channel, a carrier, cholesterol, the glycoprotein or the peripheral protein.

Signature interactive · CED 2.4

Who gets through?

Five molecules meet the same membrane. Two rules decide every outcome: how big, and how polar.

Concept 02 · CED 2.4

Selective, not sealed

Permeability is not a yes or no. It is a spectrum spanning several orders of magnitude, and a cell's control sits at the far end of it.

Rule one

Polarity

Nonpolar dissolves into the core and crosses. Polar does not. Charge is the strongest block of all.

Rule two

Size

Small helps. Water is polar but tiny, so a little gets through anyway; a protein never will.

The extra layer

Cell wall

In plants, fungi and bacteria a wall sits outside the membrane. It is fully permeable and purely mechanical — selectivity stays with the membrane.

NEEDS A PROTEINO2CO2steroidsH2Oureaglucoseamino acidsNa+ K+ Cl-FREELY PERMEABLEEFFECTIVELY IMPERMEABLESIZE RISES AND POLARITY RISES, LEFT TO RIGHT
Read this as a single axis with two variables running along it. Moving right, molecules get larger and more polar, and permeability falls away steeply. Everything inside the pink box requires a transport protein, which is precisely the set of substances a cell is able to regulate.
Live model · particles

Three molecules, one membrane

Oxygen crosses freely, glucose queues for a carrier, and sodium never gets in at all. The counters keep score.

Concept map · interactive

How it all hangs together

Tap a node to light up its connections. The pink dashed link is the one that explains why membranes need proteins at all.

arranged asstudded withsit inexcludescreatesbuffered bycontrolsdrift inthe only way throughBilayerFluid mosaicMembrane proteinsHydrophobic coreIons blockedSelective barrierCholesterolMembrane fluidityChannels & carriers
Concept map

Tap a node

The bilayer says no. The proteins say who.

Retrieval · drag and drop

Fill the gaps

Drag a term into a gap, or tap a term and then tap a gap. Two terms belong nowhere.

fluid mosaicamphipathichydrophobiccholesterolglycoproteinsselectively permeablechannelcarrier hydrolysisisomer

The membrane is described by the model, because phospholipids and proteins drift laterally within a scattered arrangement. Each phospholipid is , with a polar head and two nonpolar tails, and the tails create a core through the middle. Wedged between those tails, buffers the fluidity against temperature change, while on the outer face act in cell recognition. Because different substances cross at very different rates, the membrane is described as . An ion crosses through a hydrophilic , whereas glucose binds to a protein that changes shape.

Check yourself · AP-style

Six questions

Single best answer. You get the reasoning as soon as you commit.