Biology by Bradford · IB Biology SL · C2.2 · deep dive

The
synapse.

An electrical signal reaches a gap it cannot cross. So the neuron does something clever — it turns the message into a chemical, throws it across, and turns it back into electricity on the other side.

Companion to the Action Potentials lesson — this one goes deep on just the crossing.

01 · Why a synapse?

Mind
the gap.

A gap to cross

A synapse is the tiny gap between a neuron and the next cell. An electrical impulse can't jump it — the signal has to change form to get across.

Electrical → chemical → electrical

The presynaptic neuron converts its electrical impulse into a chemical neurotransmitter, which crosses the cleft and is turned back into an electrical signal on the other side.

One-way only

Vesicles and neurotransmitter sit on the presynaptic side; receptors sit on the postsynaptic side. So signals travel one way — the synapse enforces direction.

02 · The parts

Anatomy of
a synapse.

Tap a part to see its job in the crossing.

Ca²⁺ CLEFT POSTSYNAPTIC CELL
The synapse

Tap a part to see its job in the crossing.

03 · The sequence

Watch it
happen.

Press play to watch all eight steps unfold, or step through them yourself.

Ca²⁺ CLEFT Na⁺ NEW ACTION POTENTIAL POSTSYNAPTIC
Step 1 of 8

Press play to watch, or tap a number to jump to a step.

04 · Clean-up crew

Recycling
acetylcholine.

Once it has fired the message, acetylcholine must be cleared fast — or the postsynaptic cell never stops firing. Tap a step in the loop.

MITOCHONDRION Ch + A ACh 1 ACh CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR AChE 2 A Ch Ch 3
The loop

ACh is built, fires the signal, then is broken apart and rebuilt. Tap a step.

05 · The bigger picture

Where this
fits.

Tap a concept to light up how it connects.

opens triggers releases binds makes removed → threshold Actionpotential Ca²⁺ influx Exocytosis Na⁺ influx Receptorbinding Acetylcholine AChEbreakdown
Overview

The synapse turns an electrical signal into a chemical one and back again. Tap a stage to trace the chain — and notice how it loops: the Na⁺ that enters can reach threshold and fire a brand-new action potential.

Tap any concept to trace its connections · tap the background to reset

06 · Your turn

Fill in
the gaps.

Drag each term into the gap it belongs in. Two terms are traps.

Placed: 0 / 0
An action potential opens voltage-gateddropchannels.
Vesicles fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter bydrop
At many synapses the neurotransmitter released isdrop
Neurotransmitter binds todropon the postsynaptic membrane.
ACh is broken down in the cleft by the enzymedrop
The freeddropis taken back up to rebuild ACh.
07 · Check yourself

IB-style
multiple choice.

Single best answer, Paper 1 style. Pick one — you'll see why.

Score: 0 / 0