Biology by Bradford
Biology by Bradford · AP Biology · Unit 2 · CED 2.5–2.6

Passive Transport & Osmosis

No pumps, no ATP, no intent — just molecules moving at random until the crowding evens out. The interesting part is what the cell does to make that useful.

AP · Unit 2CED 2.5–2.6Interactive lesson
Concept 01 · CED 2.5

Nothing is being pushed

Diffusion looks purposeful and is not. Molecules move at random; the crowded region simply loses more than it gains, and that imbalance is the whole phenomenon.

The mechanism

Random walk

Thermal energy keeps every molecule moving. No ATP is spent, because the motion was already happening.

The endpoint

Dynamic equilibrium

Movement never stops at equilibrium. Only the net movement reaches zero, once both directions match.

The special case

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane. Same process, spotlight on the solvent.

START · ALL ON ONE SIDEEQUILIBRIUM · EVENLY SPREAD, STILL MOVINGNO ENERGY IS SUPPLIED · ONLY RANDOM MOTION
Nothing here is being pushed. Each molecule moves at random, and the crowded left-hand side simply loses more than it gains — which is the whole of diffusion. Watch what happens once they are evenly spread: they carry on moving. Molecules still cross the dashed line just as often as before, but now the same number cross in each direction, so nothing further changes. Describing equilibrium as “movement stops” is the standard way to lose the mark.
Diagram · interactive

Osmosis, set up properly

Tap each part. Pay attention to the phrasing on the arrow — it is the version that earns marks.

PARTIALLY PERMEABLEWATER · CROSSES BOTH WAYSSOLUTE · BLOCKEDNET FLOWDILUTEHIGH WATER POTENTIALCONCENTRATEDLOW WATER POTENTIALTAP A PART
Diagram

One barrier, two behaviours

Tap the membrane, the water, the solute, the net flow arrow, or either side of the vessel.

Signature interactive · CED 2.6

The carrier cycle

Four steps, no ATP anywhere in them. Watch what limits the process — it becomes a graph in the next section.

Concept 02 · CED 2.6

Two routes, two graphs

On paper, simple and facilitated diffusion look alike: both passive, both downhill. On a graph they are unmistakable.

Open pore

Channel

Nothing binds, so transport is fast. Many are gated, which lets the cell open and close them on demand.

Binding site

Carrier

Binds, flips, releases. Specific to its solute and limited by how many copies exist.

The tell

Saturation

Simple diffusion climbs forever. Facilitated diffusion hits a ceiling. That plateau is the exam's favourite clue.

CHANNELCARRIERAn open pore. Nothing binds,so it is fast and can be gated.Binds, then changes shape.Slower, specific, saturable.
Both proteins move solute down its gradient without energy, and both are specific. The difference that matters is mechanical: a channel is a lined hole that the solute passes through, while a carrier physically holds the solute and rearranges itself around it.
Live model · particles

Diffusion, and what happens after it

Every particle starts on the left. Watch the counts even out — then keep watching the crossing tallies.

Live model · particles

Saturate the carriers

Three carriers, and a slider for how much glucose is waiting outside. Push the concentration up and watch what the rate does.

Concept map · interactive

How it all hangs together

Tap a node to light up its connections. The pink dashed link is the one that turns a graph into a diagnosis.

adds up tois calledruns downfor watermeasured bythrough lipidor via proteinlimitsproteins can run outRandom motionNet movementPassive transportGradientOsmosisWater potentialSimple diffusionFacilitated diffusionSaturation
Concept map

Tap a node

Everything on this map is downhill. Nothing here costs the cell anything.

Retrieval · drag and drop

Fill the gaps

Drag a term into a gap, or tap a term and then tap a gap. Two terms belong nowhere.

passivegradientequilibriumosmosiswater potentialchannelcarriersaturated denaturedhydrolysed

Diffusion is a process, because the molecules are already moving and no ATP is spent. Net movement runs down a concentration until the system reaches , at which point molecules still move but there is no further net change. The diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane is , and its direction is predicted by . Ions cross through a hydrophilic , while glucose binds to a that changes shape. Because those proteins are finite in number, the rate plateaus once they are all .

Check yourself · AP-style

Six questions

Single best answer. You get the reasoning as soon as you commit.