Biology by Bradford
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The subtopic in the middle and eleven tasks round it: label three diagrams, complete two tables, put a process in order and fill 48 gaps. Every box is standard level. Type into the blanks and check them, or print it on A4, Letter or A3 with an answer key.
Paranthropus robustus ground tough plant food between huge, thick-enamelled teeth at the back of its jaw, worked by big muscles anchored to its skull: a diet. Homo sapiens has smaller teeth and no ridge along its skull, suiting an diet. No one can watch an extinct species eat, so its diet is using theories built by studying mammals.
| Predator | Prey | |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical | rattlesnake: injects through hollow fangs | poison dart frog: toxic skin, shown off by bright colours |
| Physical | rattlesnake: pit organs sense the heat of warm prey in the dark | stick insect: a twig-like shape and colour give it |
| Behavioural | wolves: hunt in packs to bring down large prey | meerkats: one keeps watch and gives |
Gause grew two Paramecium species on the same food. Alone, each thrived; together, P. caudatum was . Two species cannot share one niche for long: the principle of . The other possible outcome is that both survive, each to part of the niche it could fill alone, so every species’ niche is .
A species’ is the role it plays in its ecosystem. It covers where the species lives, how it obtains , and all its interactions with other organisms () and with non-living conditions () that affect its growth, survival and reproduction.
| Nutrition | Found in | Energy from |
|---|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | plants, algae and some | light |
| Mixotrophic | some protists, such as | light, and organic food from its surroundings |
| Saprotrophic | some fungi and bacteria: | dead organic matter, digested by secreted enzymes |
| In archaea | one of the three domains of life | light, or oxidising chemicals or carbon compounds |
A mixotroph that cannot grow without both modes is ; one that can survive on either mode alone is .
Light is what forest plants compete for, and little of it gets through the leaves above. Canopy trees spend years growing a tall woody before their leaves reach full sun. Woody climbers rooted on the forest floor use other trees for , so they build little wood of their own. Plants perched on high branches take water from rain and mist rather than from the ; one kind sends roots down to the ground and slowly wraps its host. Short plants below survive in deep .
1234Oxygen dissolves in at the surface, so its concentration falls down each tube of broth. To some microbes oxygen is ; others cannot release enough energy without ; a third group can respire either way.
Number the steps in order.
All animals are : they get their carbon compounds by feeding on other organisms.
Leaf-eating insects feed in two ways: aphids tap the sap in leaf veins with mouthparts, and caterpillars cut off pieces of leaf with ones. Plants resist with physical structures such as and with toxic in their leaves and seeds. Koalas can live on eucalyptus leaves because their liver can its toxins.
Bar A shows where Chthamalus barnacles can live when Balanus is cleared away: their , set by their adaptations and tolerance limits. Bar B shows where they actually live alongside Balanus: their , narrowed by .
A species’ ecological niche is the role it plays in its ecosystem. It covers where the species lives, how it obtains food, and all its interactions with other organisms (biotic) and with non-living conditions (abiotic) that affect its growth, survival and reproduction.
Oxygen dissolves in at the surface, so its concentration falls down each tube of broth. To some microbes oxygen is toxic; others cannot release enough energy without aerobic respiration; a third group can respire either way.
| Nutrition | Found in | Energy from |
|---|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | plants, algae and some prokaryotes | light |
| Mixotrophic | some protists, such as Euglena | light, and organic food from its surroundings |
| Saprotrophic | some fungi and bacteria: decomposers | dead organic matter, digested by secreted enzymes |
| In archaea | one of the three domains of life | light, or oxidising inorganic chemicals or carbon compounds |
A mixotroph that cannot grow without both modes is obligate; one that can survive on either mode alone is facultative.
All animals are heterotrophic: they get their carbon compounds by feeding on other organisms.
Paranthropus robustus ground tough plant food between huge, thick-enamelled teeth at the back of its jaw, worked by big muscles anchored to its skull: a herbivorous diet. Homo sapiens has smaller teeth and no ridge along its skull, suiting an omnivorous diet. No one can watch an extinct species eat, so its diet is deduced using theories built by studying living mammals.
Leaf-eating insects feed in two ways: aphids tap the sap in leaf veins with piercing mouthparts, and caterpillars cut off pieces of leaf with chewing ones. Plants resist with physical structures such as thorns and with toxic secondary compounds in their leaves and seeds. Koalas can live on eucalyptus leaves because their liver can detoxify its toxins.
| Predator | Prey | |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical | rattlesnake: injects venom through hollow fangs | poison dart frog: toxic skin, shown off by bright warning colours |
| Physical | rattlesnake: pit organs sense the heat of warm prey in the dark | stick insect: a twig-like shape and colour give it camouflage |
| Behavioural | wolves: hunt in packs to bring down large prey | meerkats: one keeps watch and gives alarm calls |
Light is what forest plants compete for, and little of it gets through the leaves above. Canopy trees spend years growing a tall woody trunk before their leaves reach full sun. Woody climbers rooted on the forest floor use other trees for support, so they build little wood of their own. Plants perched on high branches take water from rain and mist rather than from the soil; one kind sends roots down to the ground and slowly wraps its host. Short plants below survive in deep shade.
Bar A shows where Chthamalus barnacles can live when Balanus is cleared away: their fundamental niche, set by their adaptations and tolerance limits. Bar B shows where they actually live alongside Balanus: their realized niche, narrowed by competition.
Gause grew two Paramecium species on the same food. Alone, each thrived; together, P. caudatum was eliminated. Two species cannot share one niche for long: the principle of competitive exclusion. The other possible outcome is that both survive, each restricted to part of the niche it could fill alone, so every species’ niche is unique.