Biology  by Bradford
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6.8 Biotechnology: revision map

The subtopic in the middle and five tasks round it: label two diagrams, complete a table, put a process in order and fill 13 gaps. Every box rests on a learning objective of the topic in the AP Biology course and exam description. Type into the blanks and check them, or print it on A4, Letter or A3 with an answer key.

Unit 6 practice questionsThe whole Unit 6 map

Topic 6.8

Biotechnology

AP Biology · Unit 6 Gene Expression and RegulationName

6.8.AGel electrophoresis

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6.8.AOne cycle of PCR

Number the steps in order.

  1. It is warmed to about 72 °C and a heat-stable DNA polymerase extends each primer.
  2. It is cooled to about 55 °C and the primers bind to the ends of the target.
  3. The mixture is heated to about 95 °C, so the DNA strands separate.
  4. The amount of target DNA has doubled, and the cycle repeats.

6.8.ACloning a gene in a plasmid

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Topic 6.8Biotechnology

6.8.AThe toolkit

ToolWhat it does
cuts DNA at a particular short sequence, often leaving sticky ends
DNA joins DNA fragments, such as a gene into a plasmid
PCRcopies a chosen stretch of DNA many times
Gel electrophoresisseparates DNA fragments by size
CRISPR-Cas9a guide RNA directs an enzyme to cut a chosen DNA sequence, so it can be edited

6.8.ACloning a gene

To clone a gene, the gene and a plasmid are cut with the same restriction enzyme, so their sticky ends match. Ligase seals them together into DNA. The plasmid is put into bacteria by transformation, and the bacteria are grown on a medium with an antibiotic: only those that took up the plasmid, with its resistance gene, survive. Bacteria carrying the human insulin gene, for example, make insulin for people with diabetes. Gel electrophoresis moves the negatively charged DNA towards the electrode, and smaller fragments move faster and farther, which is used in DNA profiling and in checking that a gene was inserted.

Word bank antibiotic resistance geneDNA fragmentinserted geneligaseorigin of replicationpositivepositive electroderecombinantRestriction enzymerestriction sitesize standardsmaller fragmentwell

Answer key

Every box on the sheet with its gaps filled in, as the subtopic reads in full.

  1. LabelGel electrophoresis

    1. well
    2. DNA fragment
    3. size standard
    4. smaller fragment
    5. positive electrode

  2. LabelCloning a gene in a plasmid

    1. antibiotic resistance gene
    2. origin of replication
    3. inserted gene
    4. restriction site

  3. TableThe toolkit

    ToolWhat it does
    Restriction enzymecuts DNA at a particular short sequence, often leaving sticky ends
    DNA ligasejoins DNA fragments, such as a gene into a plasmid
    PCRcopies a chosen stretch of DNA many times
    Gel electrophoresisseparates DNA fragments by size
    CRISPR-Cas9a guide RNA directs an enzyme to cut a chosen DNA sequence, so it can be edited

  4. OrderOne cycle of PCR

    1. The mixture is heated to about 95 °C, so the DNA strands separate.
    2. It is cooled to about 55 °C and the primers bind to the ends of the target.
    3. It is warmed to about 72 °C and a heat-stable DNA polymerase extends each primer.
    4. The amount of target DNA has doubled, and the cycle repeats.

  5. GapsCloning a gene

    To clone a gene, the gene and a plasmid are cut with the same restriction enzyme, so their sticky ends match. Ligase seals them together into recombinant DNA. The plasmid is put into bacteria by transformation, and the bacteria are grown on a medium with an antibiotic: only those that took up the plasmid, with its resistance gene, survive. Bacteria carrying the human insulin gene, for example, make insulin for people with diabetes. Gel electrophoresis moves the negatively charged DNA towards the positive electrode, and smaller fragments move faster and farther, which is used in DNA profiling and in checking that a gene was inserted.